Nyaya Philosophy - Part IV

No non-earth element has smell.

The earth has smell.

The earth is different from other elements.

[c] Anvayavyatireki: Method of Double Agreement. When the hetu is both positively and genatively related to sadhya, then the inference is Anvayavyatireki.

All things which have smoke have fire;

This hill has smoke;

This hill has fire; and

No non-fiery things have smoke;

this hill has smoke;

This hill is not non-fiery.

Hetvabhasas:

[1] Asiddha: It is the unproved hetu that results in this fallacy. [Paksadharmata]

[a] Ashrayasiddha: If Paksha [minor term] itself is unreal, then there cannot be locus of the hetu. e.g. The sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus like any other lotus.

[b] Svarupasiddha: Hetu cannot exist in paksa at all. E.g. Sound is a quality, because it is visible.

[c] Vyapyatvasiddha: Conditional hetu. `Wherever there is fire, there is smoke'. The presence of smoke is due to wet fuel.

[2] Savyabhichara: This is the fallacy of irregular hetu.

[a] Sadharana: The hetu is too wide. It is present in both sapaksa and vipaksa. `The hill has fire because it is knowable'.

[b] Asadharana: The hetu is too narrow. It is only present in the Paksha, it is not present in the Sapaksa and in the Vipaksha. `Sound is eternal because it is audible'.

[c] Anupasamhari: Here the hetu is non-exclusive. The hetu is all-inclusive and leaves nothing by way of sapaksha or vipaksha. e.g. 'All things are non-ternal, because they are knowable'.

[3] Satpratipaksa: Here the hetu is contradicted by another hetu. If both have equal force, then nothing follows. 'Sound is eternal, because it is audible', and 'Sound is non-eternal, because it is produced'. Here 'audible' is counter-balanced by 'produced' and both are of equal force.

[4] Badhita: It is non-inferentially contradicted middle. 'Fire is cold because it is a substance'.

[5] Viruddha: Instead of proving something it is proving the opposite. 'Sound is eternal becuase it is produced'.